The Impact Of Terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1615 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Terrorism Essay Did you like this example? According to Bloom (2011), terrorism is widely used by the weak in the struggle against the strong. Terrorism is non-conventional warfare to confront strong and conventional armies. Modern armies are well armed and engaging them in conventional warfare for non-state actors is foolish. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Terrorism" essay for you Create order Most terrorist groups lack the resources or labor to fight such a war. Instead, terrorism is an attractive option because it focuses on soft targets that are hard to protect but they cause damage and create fear. The objective of terrorism is to create fear to force the strong group to accept concessions if the enemy does not want to engage in an endless war. Terrorism is mostly associated with the men but women are also actively engaged in terror activities. However, the impact of terrorism is different for men and women. Women, although they can be perpetrators, are likely to be victims. Children, on the other hand, are victims and perpetrators but they experience violence differently. Their young and impressionable mind makes them easier to manipulate to engage in all forms of atrocities while also suffering as victims. Women are mostly victims of terror attacks. Women have suffered from terror attacks around the world for various reasons. However, on the other hand, some women have joined terror groups. According to Weinberg Eubank (2011), women actively participated in violent activities in Russia long before women in the west gained the right to vote. For instance, a Russian woman almost killed Lenin, the Russian revolutionary leader who introduced communism in Russia after the removal and execution of Tsar Nicholas from power. Prior to that event, and following the emancipation of the serfs in the 19th century, a period of general instability ensued in Russia. One of the groups fomenting chaos was Peoples Will and women played a key role in its activities. One of its members, Vera Zasulich, shot and almost killed the governor general of the St. Petersburg. This terror group also managed to kill Czar Alexander II in 1881, an event that destabilized Russia greatly. Within that group, women played a critical role in the planning and executing the Russian leader. In The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR), women were also active. In general, the group used terrorism to achieve its objective and one of its branches was the Combat Organization that carried out a string of assassinations until the outbreak of the revolution in Russian that replaced the monarchy with communism. In the United States and the west in general, anarchist groups had women as their most important members. One of these women was Emma, whom the government jailed severally for her activities of fomenting chaos and violence. Women also played a role in Israel and particularly former president Meir. In Algeria, they also played a role in fighting against the French. In Palestine, one of the symbols of the resistance against the Jewish rule is a woman named Khaled. Even today, women continue to play a critical role in the struggle against the Jewish state by protecting jihadists or aiding them in many ways. For instance, liberation fighters use unarmed women to provoke Israeli soldiers to attack them so that the resultant media coverage can benefit Palestinian cause and discredit the Israeli state. Despite the clear involvement of women in terrorism and terror-related activities, international law response to terrorism has refused to consider the fact. Therefore, existing studies explore the issue from a gendered perspective where the perpetrator is male (Huckerby, 2014). The result is the exclusion of experiences of women and an unclear picture of what really happens to women in terror-prone regions. Furthermore, the exclusion of women had led to a situation where the impact of counter-terrorism activities on women is unknown. If the impact is negative, efforts meant to address violence leads to adverse outcomes on women and girls, different from the original intention of the policymakers. Despite the exclusion of women, governments are implementing measures to address the issue. One of the ways they are doing that is to explore the impact of terrorism on women. Secondly, governments fighting insurgents are using to fight propaganda from jihadists (Huckerby, 2014). Moreover, because women play a critical role in society such as mentoring young people, sharing messages that counter those of terrorists make it harder for groups to recruit young men and women in communities. Their role in fighting insurgents is attracting attention. Women are prominent members of the society and have influence in their own right and including them in the fight against terror groups can yield good results. The United Nations have recognized the important role of women in recognizing early signs of radicalization and dealing with it. In discussions on how to fight international terrorism, experts now think that women can offer help (Chowdhury, Zeiger Bhulai, 2016). The problem, though, is the role of women in addressing the issue is now well studied. However, despite that, emerging evidence from Pakistan suggests that with the right training, women can make children reaching adulthood avoid recruitment. Women are closer to children, so they can use that closeness to advise them against joining terror groups (Chowdhury, Zeiger Bhulai, 2016). In that sense, women can act as preventers of terrorism. The problem with that strategy is that it might expose them to greater danger of violence from terror groups. However, women are not just victims. Researchers have documented that women do act as perpetrators of violence. They fight in the frontlines or in supportive activities like making bombs and generally offering moral support to attackers. Therefore, by engaging with them directly, it reduces their chances of engaging in acts of terror. According to Horgan, Taylor, Bloom Winter (2016), some aspects of childrens response to large-scale violence are not well studied. One of the less understood areas is the motivation to use children as targets of terror and as perpetrators. However, preliminary evidence suggests that terror groups and even government soldiers target children to create an environment of fear. In Pakistan, the Taliban targeted children so that they can cause fear and terror in families. Also, by killing children of government officers or soldiers, the group hopes to inflict the pain on those who fight the group on the frontline. The objective is not just to kill but inflict pain by targeting the innocent and helpless ones. The killing of children also provokes a massive amount of revulsion mixed with fear, which is the objective of any terror group. Without causing fear, terror group cannot be effective or force the government to negotiate. The extent of the violence against children is massive (Horgan, Taylor, Bloom Winter, 2016). Even in developed countries such as the United States, violent groups have not spared children from violence. Episodic violence such as Sandy Hook attack leaves scores of children dead or injured. Children are also easy targets for recruitment by groups because they are vulnerable. Terror groups recruit them to serve as fighters or as sex slaves if they are girls. Some groups such as the Lords Resistance Army in northern Uganda used children exclusively as fighters. During the American war of independence, the revolutionaries used children extensively. Children, some as young as seven years old, played important roles as war as scouts or in supportive functions. Boko Haram, a terror group operating in northern Nigeria uses children as suicide bombers. Hamas use young people or adolescents as suicide. These groups find children easier to handle and indoctrinate so that they can cause mass causalities in the war on terror. Children experience terror differently compared to men and women. On one hand, they are victims when attackers kill them. When they survive death, terror groups use them as a form of human shields when fighting government soldiers. They fight in the frontline, taking much of the fire, while the older fighters remain in the background. Once they have softened the attack, the mature men attacks now join the frontline. During its war with Iraq, Iran extensively by encouraging them to walk on mined fields to demine them. Also, non-state actors such as Boko Haram victimize children when they kidnap them to act as sex slaves and suicide bombers. Some groups, particularly in Africa, exclusively use children as soldiers. One such group is the Lords Resistance Army that used to operate in Northern Uganda. On those dimensions, the experiences of children are different. For women, they might suffer violence and sex slavery but rarely do fighters force them to join the war. For men, terrorist groups might force them to take arms but they do not suffer from sexual exploitation. In conclusion, it is evident that women and men can be victims as well as perpetrators of terrorism. In the case of women, they are often likely to be victims, judging from the latest incidents of terrorism in the Middle East and Africa. In the Darfur region of Sudan, terror groups rape women as part of ethnic cleansing and erasing the identity of undesirable groups. In the Middle East, ISIS use women as sex slaves. Men not allied to the terror groups are killed or forced to join the violence as perpetrators. In some cases, women have been fighting for terrorists. Therefore, the experiences of women and men differ to some extent. However, in international law and studies on terrorism, the focus has been on men to the exclusion of children and women. The gendered view has led to some misunderstanding but it is now clear that including women in every aspect of counter-terrorism has benefits. One of the benefits is fighting the propaganda messages from terror groups. Other than women, another group whose experiences in dealing with terror the international law has relegated to the periphery is children.

Native Civilizations And The United States - 1198 Words

As I was sitting in a classroom learning about world history, I wondered how the ancient civilizations responded to the immigration challenges that they had to face. Since the early civilizations, people have immigrated from place to place to find a better life for their families. The bad situations they live in obligated them to leave their houses and immigrated to unknown places. Even today thousands of people immigrate to another country looking for a better life. For example, throughout the American history millions of people around the world have left their homelands for a chance to start a new life in the United States. In the stories, Changing America 2001, Letters from an American farmer, the Art of Happiness, and Silent Dancing, we can see the most common problem that immigrants face in this country, finding their identity. As an immigrant, I personally have experienced some of the challenges that the immigrants in these stories share. I have gone through the process of adju sting to living in a country where another language is spoken and has a different culture. As humans, we start developing our identity since we are children. The living situations that we face have a big impact in defining who we are. The story Silent Dancing is an example of how culture shapes us in who we are. Culture refers to the characteristics of a particular group of people, including their language, cuisine, social habits, religion, music, and arts. It is a people’s way of life.Show MoreRelatedNative Americans History1879 Words   |  7 PagesWhen asking a child, educated or not, what they ideas are when they hear the term Native American where does they mind venture to? More than likely do they not consider the former House of Representative, Charles D. Curtis or professor pitcher Joba Chamberlain. But they also do not think of a Native American as being an average person, a boy/girl like themselves. 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In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, a number of anthropologists recognized that the practice of anthropology was intimatelyRead MoreThe Colonization Of North And South America1295 Words   |  6 Pages Through the 16th-19th centuries, the Native Americans populations declined in the following ways:  epidemic diseases  brought from Europe; violence  and warfare. During the prospect of exploration, Thomas Jefferson viewed American Indians as people with the possibly of â€Å"Enlightenment† and from a political standpoint either they were enemies of war or allies in peace. While the United States had set a precedent to explore new lands in its short history, native peoples’ who had inherited lands thro ughRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act By President Jackson1371 Words   |  6 Pagesoptimistic virtues without the consideration of the Native American demographic. While expanding, the Americans encountered numerous Native Americans that ranged from a violent interaction to a peaceful treaty of removal in order to satisfy the American’s territorial cupidity. Despite America resorting back to its founding principles to justify their expansion, they probably caused an evident strain in the relationship substantiated by the Native Americans and the land they domesticate in. It soundsRead MoreHow American Indians Have Adapted their Culture Since Colonization962 Words   |  4 Pagessocial organization, and material culture. Over the years things have change in the history of Native Americans, prior to the reconstruction period, Native Americans knew who they were and what they lived for. Before the Europeans came and changed their living they one with nature and the land theyâ₠¬â„¢ve came to know. They believe that America was there’s and they lived free. In today’s history of Native Americans culture was founded in many ways, started in the mid 8200s B.C and before Christopher

Ethics and Compliance Paper free essay sample

The companys project-oriented approach improved teamwork and leveled the playing field; team culture and corporate culture have been promoted; an innovative spirit has been instilled; and international integration has been improved. In terms of the market results, Lenovos adaptation of project management has improved the ompanys core competitiveness with improved delivery and customer satisfaction. In turn, distinctive performance was delivered: In 2006, the company had a market share of seven percent in the global PC market, led only by Dell and HP. Its total turnover was USD 14. 6 billion, a rise of 10 percent over the previous year. Ethics and Compliance Paper BY bc64762 Walmart is one of many companies who report its filing with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The purpose for writing about Walmarts Ethics and Compliance paper is to inform the reader about Walmarts important compliance processes. SEC filings, analysis of financial statements, requirement for certification and legal proceedings will be explained throughout further reading. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Compliance Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Procedures for Ethical Behavior Walmart has an official statement of ethics which is meant to be applied to not only the associates and directors employed by the organization but also third parties. These third parties include suppliers, consultants, public relations firms, contractors and all other third party companies who conduct business with Walmart in any fashion. Due to the fact that Walmart does conduct business in several countries the tatement of ethics may be modified to coincide with the laws and customs of each country. To conform to the statement of ethics written out by Walmart, associates expect to follow the laws written by their city, state, and country at all times. These employees are also responsible for not only reading the Guiding Principles but also understanding and using those principles every-day. Employees do not expect to memorize these policies; however they are expected to learn those that apply directly to their Jobs. If an employee has a question or concern they should not be afraid to sk help from a manager or report any inappropriate conduct. If there was anything to happen and an investigation would take place with Walmart employees, the employees are expected to cooperate with and ensure the investigation remain private and come up front with any news that any employees may have. Along with these requirements of employees, Walmart has additional responsibilities for managers to ensure the ethical behavior is conducted. If an ethical issue is brought to a managers attention, it is their Job to report this to the Global Ethics Office at the Walmart Corporation. Managers are also expected to meet with their employees as a group to review the Guiding principles and answer any questions that may arise. Managers encourage always putting ethics first in the event that an ethical issue is in conflict of business objectives. It is the managers duty to lead by example, and ensure that Just because one ethical mistake is made that this does not continue within their department. Open communication between managers and employees is a must and no issue should ever be put aside regardless of the magnitude. Along with these responsibilities and requirements, discipline is handed own for those in violation. Actions are taken up to and including termination for violation of the organizations ethics policy. SEC Compliance Processes The most important process that Walmart uses to comply with SEC is to make SEC filings in accordance to the law. A sample of these filings can be examined at: http:// finance. yahoo. com/q/sec? s=WMT. This page gives a list of 8K and IOQ filings made by Walmart with SEC. Also of utmost importance, the finance department at Walmart prepares the financial information and statements required by the SEC like the Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statements. The company is then financial statements, more disclosures, controls and procedures and other information as required under part B. It is also necessary to provide Other Information relating to the company. The most important process of compliance that appears in the report is the signature certifying that the report is in compliance with Section 13(a) or 1 5(d) of the SEC Act of 1934. The act of signing makes the President and Chief Executive Officer responsible for the information contained in the reports. The requirement for certification makes it important for the CEO and the CFO to nsure that the information contained in the report is correct. Other organization processes are somewhat mechanical. For instance, the legal proceedings, including those against the company need to be listed. The legal department will provide a comprehensive list of the legal proceedings. Three officers, the President and the CEO, the Executive Vice-President and CFO as well as the Senior Vice Preside nt law suits filed against Walmart and the disclosures in the court contains information about the internal proceedings of Walmart. The following web sites offer one the opportunity to examine Walmarts compliance with SEC requirements: http:// walmartstores. com/lnvestors/SECFilings. aspx or http://www. wakeupwalmart. com/ press/article. tml? article=784. Apart from this, the SEC is responsible for the enforcement of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Investment Company Act of 1940, Trust Indenture Act of 1939 and the Securities Act of 1933. In consideration of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, the CPA auditor of Walmart is required to comment on the internal control of the company. The auditor of Walmart, Ernst Young carries out the requisite examination of the internal control at Walmart and makes comments about the internal control at Walmart. Walmarts Financial Performance over the Last Two Years Financial ratios are used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a company. The current ratio, debt ratio, return on equity ratio, and days receivable ratio will be used to identify Wal-Marts financial health. The ratios used will be for 2008 and 2009 to obtain a brief look at the companys financial health. The first ratio is the current ratio. The current ratio tests for a companys liquidity (Keown, Martin, Petty, Scott, Jr. , 2005). The simplest and most basic test for a companys relative liquidity is the current test, which divides the companys current assets by its current liabilities. In 2008, Walmarts current assets were $48,020 million and the current liabilities were $58,478 million for a ratio of 0. 8. In 2009, Walmarts current assets were $48,949 million and current liabilities were $55,390 million for a ratio of 0. 9. The ratios indicate that the Walmarts financial health was slightly better in 2009 than it was in 2008. Because a companys assets may be financed by debt or equity it is important to consider a companys debt ratio. The debt ratio shows relatively how well a company manages its assets or rather how much of its assets are in the form of debt (Keown,

Porters Five Forces Essar Oil Essay Example

Porters Five Forces: Essar Oil Paper The refinery of Cesar has a complexity of 12. 5 making it a very complex refinery capable of refining all varieties of crude and producing Euro 5 grade fuels. This is also among the largest single location refinery in the world, thus leveraging on economies of scale. Therefore Cesar oil faces minimal threat from new entrants. Bargaining power of suppliers Cesar currently has a 10. 5 meta capacity refinery at Evading, Gujarat and Is expanding the capacity to 34 meta. In Its EP business It has Interests In Rattan and Risers blocks in Bombay high India, Means in Gujarat and also at many places in Madagascar, Africa, Nigeria and Vietnam. As a result the company is vertically integrated. Though there is no substitution of raw material (Oil) the question of bargaining power of supplier is considerably hedged. The location of the refinery is also of strategic importance because it is located Evading is a natural all-weather, deep-draft port that can accommodate very large crude carriers and Is quite close to the gulf region which Is the largest supplier of crude to India. Because of this the demand supply gap if exists can be catered to by a variety of suppliers giving little or no bargaining power to the suppliers. The bargaining power of suppliers is minimal. Bargaining power of Buyers Cesar Oil serves retail customers through a modern, countrywide network of over 1,000 retail outlets. After the completion of the refinery expansion project the company plans to increase the number of retail outlets to 3000. The company also has product off take agreements with many government Asss Like BPCS, HP and We will write a custom essay sample on Porters Five Forces: Essar Oil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Porters Five Forces: Essar Oil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Porters Five Forces: Essar Oil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer COIL and has also recently gotten approval to sell TAFT to the Indian Air Force. The number of buyers of these Industrial products are relatively large when compared to the number of sellers hence the buyers do not enjoy any great bargaining power, Apart from industrial products retail fuel products pricing is administered by the government and buyers do not enjoy any leverage over the company. There are also no substitutes for the products. Bargaining power of the buyers Is minimal. Threats of substitution The company is in the business of supplying energy and oil and gas industry as a hole constantly faces a threat of development of alternate sources of energy but no one for a very long time foresees fossil fuels being substituted. Oil has no substitutes. Cesar in particular doesnt face the threat of substitution any more than the rest of the Industry. The threat of substitution Is minimal. Competitive rivalry The demand for the product is high, actually more than the supply and there are very limited numbers of players in this sector. The prices are administered by the government and the cost of crude is almost the same for all companies. Profit minimization in this industry occurs by streamlining ones operations and attaining operational excellence. The higher the net refining margins the higher the profitability. The industry is growing at a tremendous rate and there is no cut throat competition per say. Apart from this the company enjoys the benefits of both forward and backward integrations and also economies of scale giving it a strong competitive advantage. Though the products offered by competitors are similar there is no cut throat competition between competitors.

Truth Essay Example For Students

Truth Essay The question of right and wrong has been battled over for centuries. Many conservatives still believe that truth is absolute, while others disagree, saying that truth is relative. I believe that truth is an individuals perception of beliefs and decisions. For that reason, truth differentiates among individuals thorough their contrasting opinions. But, truth is something that everyone believes to be correct. Thus, it greatly depends on whats true in the minds of the people. On the contrary, truth thats spoken with bad intent is considered to be worse than a lie. Hence, truth is an expression, symbol or statement that corresponds to reality and happiness. Truth is dominated by ones subjective thoughts and beliefs. It is a concept thats created by man, and therefore can never have any absolutes. And if a concept such as the truth has no absolutes, it becomes subjective based upon your perceptions of it. However, an individuals experiences, thoughts and beliefs shape their perception of truth. Truth is timeless, abstract and unchanging ideals based on the individual. All truth is subjected to an individuals opinion. We will write a custom essay on Truth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is based on persons perspective on society and developed by their past experiences. Similarly, subjective truth deals with what is in the persons mind. Also could mean the opinion of a person of certain objects. A subjective truth is an idea which may be important to me but not to you. For example, I decide that killing, under any circumstance, is wrong, but you decide that killing to protect yourself is ok. The idea that killing is wrong is upheld by both of us, but your truth and mine are different, subject to our opinions on the idea. Nevertheless, I also consider truth to be absolute, and therefore, it is never right to do wrong. Truth is the purity that differentiates between right and wrong. Absolute Truth is true regardless of what we believe and think. Absolute truth stands on its own. In the sense, absolute truth is absolutely true no matter what evidence there is for it. Truth is what corresponds to the facts. Truth does not change just because we learn something about it. Also, truth is not always good to say. If the objective of telling the truth is to hurt someone, then it is considered to be inferior to a most terrible lie. For that reason, while speaking the truth we should keep in mind that it doesnt hurt someone elses feelings or relations. The problem we face is that, we feel the urge to tell the truth when we see it. But, we should try to accomplish this without disapproving condemnations that hurt others. So when we freely express harsh judgment of another, we are in fact talking about those negative qualities of ourselves that trouble us the most. Likewise, care should be taken that truth thats spoken for self-satisfaction does not impair someone elses life. Similarly, we should always bear in mind that at times lie can also be beneficial to say if, it brings happiness to others. Hence, if the truth is spoken with the purpose of destruction of something or someone then its considered to be more awful then a major lie. With this is mind; we can conclude that truth is a representation of actuality and contentment. Also, rather than truth, the lies have always been more accepted and believed in our world. But, people consider truth that everyone believes to be true. Thus, for that reason, truth is greatly dependent on subjective of ones opinion.

Chapter 9 A.P U.S History Essay Example

Chapter 9 A.P U.S History Essay Example Chapter 9 A.P U.S History Essay Chapter 9 A.P U.S History Essay Chapter 9 Essay Although President Jackson was a champion of democracy and egalitarianism, there are some instances where he takes advantage of his presidential powers and uses him for his own benefits and beliefs and not for the good of the country. President Jackson did a lot of good for the early Democratic Party though. He helped expand voting and focused on destroying monopolies like the national bank that he believed were harming the nation. He did however take manners into his own hands at times. For instance disregarding Supreme Court rulings. Enacting Military action on a state and Vetoing bills like the Maysville road that wouldVe helped the union, but since he didnt approve he vetoed it. President Jackson did a fantastic Job of expanding democracy. In his presidency he expanded the amount of voters from 27% in the election of 1824 to 58% in 1828 and by 1840 80% of adult white males were voting. Jackson thoroughly believed in equal protection and equal benefits, and that is the form of government he wanted. During Jacksons administration he believed in taking owers away from the rich and giving the common man more of it. In the Picture Jackson Tramples on the Constitution he is depicted as a monarchial king who tramples on the constitution and is called King Andrew the First. (Document A). This is because the opposing political party the Whigs wanted to keep power in the hand of the rich to create a more stable form of government and by Jackson vetoing the bill they thought he was abusing his Presidential Powers. Furthermore there were some instances where Jackson did abuse his political powers by blatantly disregarding the Constitution. In the case Worcester vs. Georgia. Cherokee Indians fought for their right to control their land which was roughly h the size of Georgia. We have a perfect and original right to remain in our lands without interruption or molestation. (Document B) Georgia fought to have them removed saying that they were uncivilized and couldnt assimilate into American culture, and that they made a contract with tribe leaders. In the case the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Worcester and the Cherokees. John Marshall said The Cherokee Indians have an unquestionable right to their territory until title should be extinguished by voluntary cession to the United States (Document B). Jackson disregarded this ruling and had the Indian Removal Act of 1830 put in place where he forced the Indians west of the Mississippi River along what is now known as The Trail of Tears. Furthermore although Jackson had his flaws he was still a great promoter of democracy and preserved the Union. In 1828 when the Tariff of Abomination was put into place the eople of South Carolina felt the tariffs were too high and would destroy their businesses. In response to this tariff The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was written. (Document E). This document said that Tariff acts are unconstitutional and that the State of South Carolina would consider them nullified and not obey them. Jacksons response to this was the Force Act which gave the President a right to use any means necessary to get people to obey the constitution. Although this didnt solve the crisis it showed Jackson wanted to preserve the union over all else. The reduced over 10 years to the old 1816 tariffs which was considered more moderate. In conclusion Jackson was an excellent President who was a champion of democracy and egalitarianism. He expanded political power to the common man and fought against a corporate monopoly which he felt was destroying the Union, the National Bank. Jackson did have his faults though he would override rulings and do what he saw fit. He would veto many bills despite what was right. Jackson had his issues but he was one of the greatest expanders of Democracy in our history.

Public law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Public law - Essay Example According to Dicey, â€Å"The principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely that Parliament thus defined [i.e., as the ‘King in Parliament’] has, under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament† (as cited in Eleftheriadis, 2009). Hence, one can say that parliament alone has the power to make laws. It also has the immunity in that none can change the laws made by it. In Jackson v Attorney-General [2005] UK HL 56, Lord Steyns approved an argument put forward in 1935. He said that the monarch and the two Houses (Lords and Commons) must consent to legislate. Parliament can spread legislative powers in various ways. This was redefining parliament for a specific purpose and could not be ignored (Carroll, 2013. P. 105). In Pickin v British Railways Board [1974 ] AC 765, it was noted that though parliament had not followed procedure, it could not be compelled to investigate the allegation. (ibid, p. 102). 1. The EU Referendum Bill and Parliamentary Sovereignty of UK â€Å"The constitutional referendum is often conceptualised as the ultimate institutional expression of popular sovereignty’’  (Daly, 2013). ... If no party receives an absolute majority, the future of the referendum could be in jeopardy. Only if the orders are passed through parliamentary assent can the referendum be conducted at the stipulated time. In the past, many amendments were proposed to EU Treaty bills. This resulted in the demand for referendum for such amendments. The Conservatives were of the opinion that the EU was intruding into various aspects of life. Hence, they supported a ‘referendum lock’ which would validate future EU association by the citizens (European Union Referendum Bill, 2013). The EU provided its members an ‘opt-out option’. However, this was cast in an all or nothing terms. This was to discourage UK and such members who took the matter lightly. The Treaty demands that opt-out decision should be taken at least six months prior to the end of the transition period allowed. The Tory Eurosceptics were in favour of no opting back. They were of the opinion that co-operation wi th other European countries could be possible through international arrangements on a case-by-case basis (Craig, 2013, p. 172). Sovereignty is closely related to state power. The state maintains sovereignty in that it has the power and authority to enact laws by which it can serve the national interest. Member states desired international co-operation in foreign & security policy, justice & home affairs. In such sensitive matters, they prefer inter-governmentalism, hence retaining control in their own hands. Nevertheless, EU needs to involve itself since crime and terrorism have a cross-border nature. Hence, state autonomy will have to be sacrificed in such matters as the price for resolving serious issues of global concern. The European Arrest Warrant (EAW) is a case in point. EAW